Microbiology Notes free essay sample

His artful culmination stone worker â€Å"David†, was made somewhere in the range of 1501 and 1504 C. He was a French stone worker and writer D. Made the popular fresco on the roof of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Branches of Microbiology Medical Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Agricultural Microbiology Legumes +N2-fixing Microorganisms have significant job in cycling plant supplements (N, P, C, S) Cattle creation relies upon rumen microorganisms Biotechnology Food creation (Dairy items (ogurt, cheddar) sauerkraut, pickles, wiener, bread, lager, wine and so on. Bioremediation (detoxification by utilization of microorganisms Genetic Engineering (control of qualities so as to make new items) * Who began Microbiology? Antoine van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch shipper The primary individual to consider microorganisms to be being ALIVE! Father of bacteriology * What Leeuwenhoek could see? Various states of microbes Red platelets, spermatozoa, plant and creature c ells Magnification of his magnifying instrument was 32X Robert Hooke’s Microscope Compared to Leeuwenhoek’s Robert Hook presented the compound magnifying lens (target focal point + visual focal point) Robert Hook (1665) announced that the littlest natural basic joins were â€Å"little boxes†-cells CELL THEORY-every single living thing are made out of cells Golden Age of Microbiology (1830-1900) Scientists scanned for answers to the accompanying inquiries: Is unconstrained age of microbial life conceivable? What causes aging? What causes malady? How might we forestall contamination and ailment? Is unconstrained age of microbial life conceivable? Aristotle proposed unconstrained age living things can emerge from non-living issue Toads and snakes could be conceived of soggy soles Slimy parasites could emerge from bodies Francesco Redi’s Experiment, 1670s Flies with meat 1765 Lazzaro Sallanzani directed experients to discredit the regulation of unconstrained age biolied imbuement, hermetically fixed the holder. We will compose a custom article test on Microbiology Notes or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Nly a little split in the neck was adequate to permit entrance and advancement of â€Å"animalcules† in the mixture. Nicholas Appert licensed his development and set up a business to protect an assortment of food in fixed containers canning Finally! Contentions about unconstrained age settled by Louis Pasteur Read about Louis Pasteur’s test How he truly did it? Pasteur’s S-molded flagon kept organisms, however let in (Swan Neck Flask) Joseph Meister First individual to be treated by Louis Pasteur against rabies Pasteur’s Discoveries Performed the most persuading test invalidating the hypothesis of unconstrained age Role of yeast in liquor aging Devised the procedure of purification and premise of aseptic strategies Disease of vine-cold be forestalled by warming the wine for a brief timeframe to a temp of 55-60 degrees Celsius The principal preventive treatment for rabies What causes infection? Pasteur created germ hypothesis of ailment, however had no proof†¦began chipping away at Anthrax, yet couldn't get a fix Robert Koch Studied causative operators of illness Gave the primary confirmation that microbes causes sickness (by secluding the Bacillus anthracis bacillus in unadulterated culture)- germ hypothesis of ailment Perfected the procedure of disengaging microorganisms in unadulterated culture-strong media-bubbled potato Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the creature causing the tuberculosis. Tuberculin-substance utilized for analysis of tuberculosis Excreted into fluid culture and if there is an unfavorably susceptible response than the individual has tuberculosis Introduced the recoloring strategy for M. tuberculosis (corrosive quick recoloring) First to recolor bacterial smears Found the causative specialist of cholera 1905 got the Nobel Prize for Medicine Koch’s hypothesizes Identify rules for demonstrating that a particular kind of a microorganism causes a particular infection: 1. The microorganism ought to be continually present in an ailing creature 2. The microorganism must be developed in unadulterated culture 3. When immunized into a sound creature, such microorganism should cause trademark sickness indications 4. The microorganism ought to be re-detached from the test creature, and it ought to have indistinguishable qualities from the first microorganisms Ignaz Semmelweis e executed that if specialists wash their hands they would decrease spreading germs Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Father of present day medical procedure Became mindful of Louis Pasteur’s work (spoiling and aging) Applied sterile (carbolic corrosive) treatment for avoidance and care of would contamination Introduced the technique of cleansing of working rooms Edward Jenne r Performed the principal inoculation against little pox Chemotherapy (treatment of illness by utilizing compound substances) the main anti-microbial was found coincidentally was penicillin Alexander Fleming-1928 found penicillin Produced by shape: Penicillin Crysogenum Business creation began in 1945 in the US Problems with Antibiotics Can be harmful to people Spread of new assortments of safe microorganisms Development of methods that encouraged further advancement of microbiology Pure societies (clone) is a culture comprising of just one kind of microorganisms Use of Petri dishes Aseptic procedures Bacteria as unmistakable species Development of microbiology in the twentieth century Bacteriology investigation of microscopic organisms. Mycology investigation of growths. Contagious contaminations rising Parasitology investigation of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology investigation of insusceptibility. Virology investigation of infections. Can't be seen by a magnifying lens, you need an electro magnifying lens (Dimitri Iwanowski, investigated the nearness of irresistible operators a lot littler than microscopic organisms. He found the tobacco mosaic infection) Recombinant DNA innovation parts of outside DNA can be fused into bacterial genome The Establishment of the Scientific Method Scientific technique dependent on an exploratory framework It incorporates: 1. Perception and depiction a wonder 2. Detail a theory to clarify the wonders 3. Execution of test tests (to affirm speculation) If bolstered speculation becomes hypothesis Joseph Lister He was conceived in 1827 in Upton, England Attended London and Edinburgh Universites Joseph Lister was instructed in Edinburgh. Edinburgh is situated in Scotland is an autonomous state Scotland is a piece of Great Britain Scotland is a region in France Scotland is a piece of Canada Why Chemistry? Microscopic organisms subcellular structures complex atoms basic particles iotas Atoms Building squares of particles Subatomic particles Shell Electrons pivot about the core in their orbitals Nucleus Protons Neutrons Atoms don't convey charge Electron Orbitals and Shells Electrons turn around the core in orbitals (pathways) Low level vitality electrons Nearest to the core first shell-1 circles (2e) second shell-4 orbitals (up to 8 e) third shell-9 orbitals (up to 18e) Elements Each component contains trademark number of protons and electrons-position in the table There are 118 known components Elements in gatherings of comparable properties Biologically significant molecules 11 components are of organic significance The Fathers of the Periodic Talbe Dmitri Mendeleev Lothar Meyer Isotopes Have an alternate number of neutrons; same physical properties Some isotopes have flimsy cores produce vitality radioactivity Significance in Biology Following particles and atoms in metabolic responses Diagnostic purposes Sterilization (gamma light) Video Notes: Charges of protons and electrons are equivalent in extent Isotopes are indistinguishable from one another however in some cases change in properties Carbon 12 and 13 are steady Carbon 11, 14, 15 are not Radiactivity Henri Becquerel-strange beams * Molecules at least two iotas consolidated structure an atom another compound has new qualities Compounds are framed when iotas are, give or lose electrons Number of electron in external shell-valence Determines the preparation of a component to respond with other component How the particles tie together? Through the synthetic bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds Covalent Bonds between iotas that share Electrons are not shared similarly change of extremity Hydrogen particle H2 Water atom is polar Ionic Bonds Electrons are moved starting with one iotas then onto the next When valences supplement each other Ex-NaCl (table salt) 7 isn't steady Ionization Dissociation of atoms (molecules) into charge particles: Cations (+) Anions (- ) When added to water, precious stones of NaCl get ionized-Na+ Cl-Electrolytes-direct power: acids, bases, salts When two anodes are assembled Every particle becomes hydrated-encircled by water atoms Hydrophilic atoms draws in water Hydrophobic particles repulse water (benzene-a non-polar atom) Hydrogen Bonds Attractive powers between close by atoms Ex. Water particles; proteins and DNA Represented with spotted line Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-losing electron Reduction-getting electrons Chemical recipes Atomic images and number of iotas in an atom: H2O Do not give data on position of bonds between molecules C6H12O6 glucose and fructose Reactions Synthesis response Equation must be adjusted Decomposition responses Bigger atom is separated in two littler units 2H2+Ox 2H2O Solutions Mixture of substances solute-(strong, vaporous, fluid) in the dissolvable (fluid) Water is the most widely recognized dissolvable * Acidity, Alkalinity, pH * Solutions can be acidic or essential H2H+ + OH-ionization of water H+H+ + OH-access of H+ acidic pH pH=_log [H+] pH1 =0. 1 mole H=/liter ph 2+0. 01 mole H+/liter Inorganic and Organic Compounds can be: Inorganic ( don't have C and H consolidated) NaCl, CaCO3†¦ Organic (CH4)- complex mixes with C boned to different molecules The Chemistry of Carbon is the key component of life-Why? Sub-atomic skeleton Ha

Fast profits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quick benefits - Essay Example Since the arrival of the Jungle, the general population reacted to the clamor of the novel’s depiction of the meat industry’s unfortunate act of offering spoiled and sick meat to clueless and unconscious clients. The foul meat is veiled by glossy, appealing surfaces of the can, consequently empowering the client to be beguiled that the meat he is purchasing is protected and nutritious. Along these lines, President Theodore Roosevelt was compelled to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, regardless of being kept away in 1902 and again in 1905. The Beef Inspection Act was likewise passed so as to have a standard assessment plot, away from pay off and defilement in the meat pressing industry. With these careful steps, there is no uncertainty that the American individuals see meat as a basic piece of human utilization. Also, without appropriate sterile and bundling guidelines, American wellbeing is imperiled. The book has not just roused the American open in turning out to be basic and very much aware of what they eat, it has additionally set off the term â€Å"consumerism† up to the time being. The industrialism demeanor involves being condemning of item marking, for meat as well as just as for different items. Moreover, it has likewise set standard necessity for all food makers to put â€Å"nutrition facts,† wherein the name incorporates the supplements that an individual would get from expending the item, and open security safety measures, especially for those items that may cause potential perils specifically situations. Then again, there has been a quickly rising development of vegetarianism for the only remaining century. During the time since the commencement of the book, there have been a developing number of individuals who have experienced coronary episode, heart by-pass, stroke, hypertension, and other weakening ailments identified with overabundance meat utilization. The developing number of large Americans has likewise been

Dah noo-loo

Dah noo-loo Several weeks ago MIT had their famous fall Career Fair where hundreds of companies come and court hundreds of students. Its a time when students update resumes, dry clean suits, get hair cuts, and start practicing their talk to people not from MIT routines. Its funny, MIT is in a bubble in that, as an MIT student, you start to forget what the outside world is like. I remember during out field trip to Hasbro last year, we actually were given a 15 minute talk in the bus about how to behave while not at MIT. As students, we tend to forget that looking people in the eyes, not checking iPods and iPhones every 10 seconds, and acknowledging what people say is important. All of these skills are crucial when wooing the big corporations that you hope to work for in the summer. Last year I went to the career fair for all of the free swag, and free swag was what I got. This year it was all about the job. In my suit and with my fancy folder of resumes I spoke with a number of companies and handed out several resumes, topping the evening off with a nice networking dinner at the Hyatt hotel where I got some one-on-one time with some of the companies I was interested in. A job interview the next day and my career fair experience was concluded. I could go into greater depth about the career fair experience and spin a yarn about the multitude of well-dressed and groggy college students, but instead Id like to focus on one particular career fair attendee. Emily Conn 11 wanted a job in the Media Lab and in order to get the attention of the representative. While maybe not as controversial as other attention getters, seeing Emily pretty much made my day. This is what she was wearing: Thats right, a giant home-made (albeit, not by her), Furby costume. And it talked! Just sayin, hope she got the job. Any awesome costumes yall have made before? Im looking for ideas for Halloween this year.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Kennedy s Speech - 997 Words

He was an expert on plain speaking and was able put to use emotional language effectively to engage his audience and make them feel included in his goals as the President. One of the most convincing aspects of his speech, is the fact that President Kennedy uses the word, â€Å"I† only four times in the 1,365 word address. With his famous line of â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.† (Kennedy, Paragraph 25), Kennedy is able to unify the people of America with the goal to promote and work to benefit the country. He stirred up pride and honor with his quote, â€Å"We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.† (Kennedy, Paragraph 3). His devotion for his people made the nation support him, no matter what party. John states, it was â€Å"not the victory of a party, but a celebration of freedom† (Kennedy, Paragraph 1). The President’s address, intentionally written simply, was also writing with purpose. It had been intended to demonstrate his dedication to help and defend his allies from anyShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Speech1405 Words   |  6 PagesMadinger Composition 1 26 October 2015 We Choose to go to the Moon Rhetorical Analysis There are many things that a speech must contain to make it a well written and spoken speech. John F. Kennedy s speech he gave on September 12th 1962, titled â€Å"Address at Rice University on the Nation s Space Efforts†, better known as â€Å"We Choose to go to the Moon† contains many of the important factors of a successful speech. Kennedy used rhetorical strategies and skills to help him influence the American peopleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of President Kennedy s Inaugural Speech2018 Words   |  9 PagesWhat rhetorical features does President Kennedy use to achieve his desired purpose? Introduction Politicians often use language to both persuade and imperceptibly control the opinions/decisions of their audience: whether it is to gain their support, to present their point, or implant their principles. It is of utmost importance to them to do this subtly, in order to not come across as too aggressive, intimidating or manipulative. As a result, the politician has to use language that is relatableRead MoreHaving Dreams Of Being On The Moon By John F. Kennedy1294 Words   |  6 Pagesmoon, President John F. Kennedy approaches the podium on September 12th, 1962 at Rice University in Houston Texas to inspire others to have unimaginable dreams of their own. Kennedy produces a dramatically moving speech to create brilliance across America and for all of America, through his own dreams in the context of â€Å"The decision to go to the moon.† Around this time was the height of the cold war and just the start of the space race, with that said, he starts his speech of with I am del ightedRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pathway to Success â€Å"The Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very importantRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesBUT FREEDOM: Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Tanner A. Woody Anderson University On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered a speech with a backdrop of snow and a twenty-degree wind blowing in his face in Washington D.C. In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. At the climax of his speech, JFK delivers a call to action which is also the most well-known line from his speech: â€Å"†¦ask not whatRead MoreSignificant Improvement : Things That I Have Learned From English 10101105 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted to now? Or have I remained the same or worse have I become a worse writer and reader? These are questions that need to be answered by a self-reflection and evaluation. One must always set goals and analyze their growth or the lack thereof. The analysis of progress helps show how far one has come, and it also helps the rate of improvement accelerate. Throughout this semester, I have improved my writing, reading, and critical thinking skills. I have accomplished this by effectively taking advantageRead MoreAnalysis of John F Kennedys Presidency870 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, has become one of the most famous presidents in the nations history due to his oratory skills and eloquence (Biane,2011). In this paper, we present an analysis the inaugural speech that he delivered in January 1961. Even though his Inaugural speech lasted less than fifteen minutes, the message that he saliently delivered was one that has continued to resonate in the very hearts of American citizens. The analysis An analysis of John FRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1654 Words   |  7 PagesAn Effort Closer to A Better Country â€Å"The Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successfulRead MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagestook place in the late 1950’s though the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â₠¬Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin LutherRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King ´s Speech: I Have a Dream1309 Words   |  6 Pagestook place in the late 1950’s through the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther

Nco Respect Essay - 1566 Words

There are many reasons why lower enlisted soldiers should respect non-commissioned officers in the military. It is important to respect an non-commissioned officer in order to keep the balance in the work place. Even if respect is not deserved or given back to you, the military still expects you to give them respect because they are appointed above you. Not showing them respect will result in getting yourself in trouble that will make yourself look bad to your other superiors. Punishments will be given out to whoever disrespects or does not listen to a non-commissioned officer. These consequences must be obeyed. Further punishments will be given out to you if these are not followed to every specific detail. Some people say that you†¦show more content†¦Because of this inherent hierarchal quality, respect must be established between the ranks to ensure that tactical operations continue to fit within a strategic plan. Additionally, in order to successfully mobilize a m ilitary, some sort of structure must be enforced to ensure critical elements such as communication, discipline, and accountability are properly maintained. If hierarchal respect, particularly in the sense of customs and courtesies is not maintained, the effectiveness and efficiency of a military is inhibited. In combat situations, if this respect is not well established, it can put the lives of soldiers in danger. Furthermore, in most cases NCOs have more combat experience or, at least, more experience in their MOS. In this sense they are better equipped to lead lower enlisted soldiers into combat situations, to protect their soldiers, and to ensure the completion of the mission. This is why they have earned the position of a non-commissioned officer in the first place and should therefore be respected. I can understand the logic behind this point of view. In that aspect I believe that if someone is an NCO they should work and live by the NCO creed. The NCO is a soldier that is a well-rounded professional that has the experience and qualifications to lead other soldiers. They must learn the NCO Creed. The NCO creedShow MoreRelatedRespect for Ncos886 Words   |  4 PagesRespect and what it means By: -PFC- C, Mullins Respect it is something everyone wants, not many have, and few will give. Some people would appreciate having a little bit of respect from others, and some should make efforts to show some more respect. Unfortunately, this does not happen all the time. Maybe this is because respect is not clearly understood. What is respect? The dictionary defines it as an act of giving particular attention or high or special regard. Another definition shows respectRead MoreRespect for NCOs in the Army1063 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization, religion, civilization, culture or military, respect is almost as old, if not as old, as the human race itself. Respect started with prehistoric bands of people, looking for experience and leadership, and remains today as we know it within societies and militaries around the world. Indeed, nothing with an organizational hierarchy, including civilization itself, could exist as we know it today without the ongoing application of respect, in its many forms. This fact is most obvious, andRead MoreRespect in the Military5071 Words   |  21 PagesRespect Respect, especially in the Army is a very important value to live by. It is much more than just talking kindly and listening to someone. It is the process of taking into consideration someone’s emotions, feelings and needs. You must also focus on their ideas, thoughts, and preferences. It is showing someone that you value their time; that you care what they have to say. Showing someone respect allows that person to know and acknowledge that you are tracking them and that you comprehendRead MoreCorrective Action for Disrespecting Higher Ranking Military Personal1268 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is on tact, professionalism, respect and disrespect, as part of my corrective action for disrespecting higher ranking military personal. I will start this essay off with defining each of the subjects so that the reader may have a full understanding on what each mean. Tact is the first subject on which I am suppose to include in this essay, tact is defined as a keen sense of what to say or do to avoid giving offense; skill in dealing with difficult or delicate situations. The secondRead MoreThe Army Values Essay3283 Words   |  14 Pagessacrifice becomes nothing more than masochism at worst, a pity party at best. As soldiers, we are obligated to act on the loyalty we have for our U.S. constitution, the Army, our fellow soldiers, the nation and its heritage. This is our duty. Respect â€Å"Rely upon the golden rule.How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization. Treat people as they should be treated.† According to The Free Dictionary: re ·spect tr.v. re ·spect ·ed, re ·spect ·ingRead MoreThe Importance of Not Lying Essay2119 Words   |  9 Pagessacrifice becomes nothing more than masochism at worst, a pity party at best. As soldiers, we are obligated to act on the loyalty we have for our U.S. constitution, the Army, our fellow soldiers, the nation and its heritage. This is our duty. Respect â€Å"Rely upon the golden rule.How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization. Treat people as they should be treated.† According to The Free Dictionary: re ·spect tr.v. re ·spect ·ed, re ·spect ·ingRead MoreEssay about Disrepect1600 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be expected. More reference links: www.armynco.com 317 words Responsibility is being accountable for what you do or fail to do. NCOs are responsible to fulfill not only their individual duties, but also to ensuretheir teams and units are successful. Any duty, because of the position you hold in the unit, includes a responsibility to execute that duty. As an NCO, you are accountable for your personal conduct and that of your soldiers. Also, each soldier is individually responsible for his ownRead MoreNco of Marines810 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does ot mean to me what a marine NCO is First off i would like to state a well known quote known by all Marines, Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) are the backbone of the United States Marine Corps. Without the NCOs the Marine Corps could not function. This quote alone holds a great deal of history as well as gives a brief discription of what a Marine NCO truely is. NCOs execute all orders and lead their fellow Marines. An NCO will go out of his or her way in order to aid, or takeRead MoreEvaluation Of A Officer And Ranger Creed1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of our NCO Corps, I take this opportunity to communicate with you. This memorandum will be given to each newly assigned NCO upon arrival in the command, as well as those individuals who are newly promoted into our Corps. 2. I think it is only fair to you as an NCO that I as your Platoon Sergeant, state the standards the Platoon Leader and I expect of you. Before I state these standards, I want you to fully understand how I see MOS and length of service. I do not expect a junior NCO to be asRead MoreMilitary Respect and Disrespect1438 Words   |  6 Pagesmilitary respect, and disrespect are and the history behind these acts are. I will first give the definitions of military discipline; which is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. ay look at you, Discipline helps to complete certain jobs/instructions efficiently and correctly. in the military it is used to train people so that they are good at their job/career as they have improved due to discipline. Disrespect to a Non-Commissioned Officer; which is where if told by an NCO to do

Kants Deontology Free Essays

Introduction The word Deon is a Greek word and it means duty. According to the deontological theory actions are wrong or right in themselves, quite distant from their effect. In this theory certain actions are allowed or prevented by the argument that each of the action is either right or wrong in accordance with the ethical obligations. We will write a custom essay sample on Kants Deontology or any similar topic only for you Order Now So those who believe in using a deontological theory would bring in consideration the basic rights and duties of groups or individuals and act according to their moral duties. Immanuel Kant the great philosopher, who had lived in the 18th century, proposed the work which is used for the reference of deontology. According to him each individual has got self-respect and dignity in inheritance. He believes that no one has right to treat others in a negative way for his own means. Kantian Deontology Kant argues that only good will is completely good rather than the happiness, pleasure or something else. Those who perform bad deeds are never happy and pleased The thing which is in accordance with and acts for the sake of duty is good will. Kant seems to suggest that only those actions have moral worth which is performed for the sake of duty. He determines the moral value of one’s deeds by the reluctance towards his sake of duty means greater one is disinclined towards the sake of duty, more the moral worth of action. Thus moral duty is independent of and comes before the concept of goodness The good will does not need any qualification for being good, thus it is good on its own. . Kant does not believe in the idea of being willed well because of the result being produced by it For Kant a person is accountable for only those things that are under his control. Even though what we will for our deeds is within the power of us but the results of our acts are not. In the same way even if less positive consequences are produced by the actions of a person of good will, he deserves praise. Kant suggests that good will is only acted solely by the right intention. The intention of good will is for the sake of duty. The different intentions for actions are either acting out of self-interest or for the sake of duty or acting through inclination. For understanding the difference among the different intentions for the actions being performed, relate this to the corporate world example of a salesman at any organization whose customers are very satisfied and he has goodwill. (Karl, 1982) This is because he has never been dishonest to his customers and clients, since he has never overcharged to those customers and clients who are inexperienced. Now there can be three reasons for him to be honest. Firstly he treats honestly just because of an intense competition in his organization. He thinks that if he would be truly honest with his customers, they would not go to his competitors and would therefore prefer to do business with him as a result he would be awarded by the organization. So in this he is honest just because of self-interest and not for the duty and for Kant this act is not the moral act because it is performed for the sake of self-interest rather than the duty. Another reason for him to be honest is due to an inclination. This means that he derives pleasure from his honesty which has come naturally to him and according to Kant such kind of actions which are performed due to inclination, are also immoral. This is because the inclination is entirely unreliable and irrational, and is followed because of its caprice not because of its reason. These same feelings from which we are inspired and perform kind acts may also inspire us to perform the unkind and cruel acts. That is why inclination is unreliable. (Karl, 1982) Thus according to Kant, the person who acts honestly because he thinks that it is his duty regardless of his inclinations to perform those functions, that is a person of goodwill  So those who are generous but nature but help the poor just because of their internal feeling of being pity are not behaving morally, rather than those being stingy and help for the sake of duty. The later ones are acting morally For Kant the need of acting out of respect for universal law is duty. The person who acts establishes the moral and ethical value. The basic moral principle according to Kant is the Categorical Imperative an imperative is just an obligation or command. The concept of a categorical imperative is different from that of hypothetical imperative and can be better and can be understood in its contrast. A hypothetical imperative involves those actions which are performed in order to accomplish various goals But it does not involves those actions whom one does not care for achieving the goals. . The main distinction of categorical imperative is that it only emphasizes how to act irrespective of the result or goal one may achieve  Ã‚   Kant believes that a categorical imperative is where, when there is a fundamental principle of morality. This is because the ethical and moral causes dominate the other reasons and causes.   For example an organization has a self interested reason to cheat its customers by making lower quality products but if morality is grounded in a categorical imperative, then it’s moral. But if morality is grounded in a categorical imperative than the moral cause against cheating the customers dominates the self interested cause. . The formulations of Kant’s Categorical Imperative are that we should always treat ourselves and others at ends not for your means of our ends. Maxim is a principle on which we act willingly. Kant holds that perform only those maxims which always will to be a universal law. (Howard, 1995) These formulations are used by Kant for different expressive ways for same basic principle of respect and value for others They are not synonymous but can be used for expressing the same in that each formulation helps one to perform in the same manner. The first formulation holds that persons should be treated as beings that have intrinsic value means they have got value which is independent of their worth for any purpose. It rejects the idea of using a person for one’s own purpose. But it tells us that one should never use a person merely as a means to your own ends. This means that if someone is willing to do our work than that is acceptable but if he is forced that is unethical so we should not deceive others in doing our will. Categorical Imperative forbids compulsion and deception. In compulsion or deceiving others, we violate their will and disrupt their autonomy. The second formulation permits to perform only those actions whose maxim can become a universal law of nature. One acting on maxim requires the test of universalization so that everyone can act on it. It is not necessary that a certain maxim should always be a universal law but it must have to be applied on a universal basis, only that is morally permissible. This can be related to the corporate work world in the way that if an employee working in an organization deceives everyone by cheating his employer and by not performing his functions well thinking that what he is doing, is right. If his motives are good then he passes the first test of deontology, but if he applies all his above discussed actions on a universal basis that everyone would start cheating then would this cheating work? Of course not, for the reason that cheating depends on deception. People would not be deceived if they are expected to be cheated. So for Kant and his Categorical Imperative cheating is morally wrong. So it is must to decide that maxim can be applied on a universal scale. If it can then the action is deemed to be good, if it cannot then the action is deemed to be morally bad. Corporations have highly formalized decision-making structures since they are social groups and they have to keep in concern the benefits of the people present in their internal as well as external environment and have a strong influence on the faiths and decisions and beliefs of the persons who are members of the large-scale corporation. So according to Kant corporate intentions cannot be reduced to the individual members’ aggregate decisions. In fact, all the decisions must be applied on universal basis which are morally acceptable. Thus the individuals have the power to change the course of the corporate character by retaining their ability, provided that sufficient number agrees on that change which is required. (Howard, 1995) References Ameriks, Karl. (1982) Kant’s Theory of Mind: An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Caygill, Howard. (1995) A Kant Dictionary. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell Reference. ISBN 0-631-17534-2, ISBN 0-631-17535-0 How to cite Kants Deontology, Essay examples

Watership Down Essays (588 words) - Watership Down, Sandleford

Watership Down Many people possess leadership qualities although they don't rule a country. Meriwether Lewis, the official leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition has been called ?undoubtedly the greatest pathfinder this country has ever known.? Just like Hazel, Meriwether Lewis led a group of followers into unknown territory. The two guides faced many difficult situations that they were able to overcome since they had the qualities of a notable leader. Both of the journeys were rough, but because of the brave leaders both expeditions were successful. One important skill that a leader should have is risk, which Hazel and Lewis both experienced. Hazel and Lewis each took their followers into lands that were unfamiliar to them. Neither of them knew what they were going to encounter, but had they not taken a chance, they never would have found what they were looking for. Hazel had to jeopardize his life for the future of his rabbits when he tried to free the rabbits of Nuthanger Farm, when he lured the dog away from the farm so that it would attack General Woundwort, and many other times. Lewis gambled his life and the lives of his crew for the United States when he explored western North America. The explorers experienced not only bad weather but also attacks from Indians. Although taking these risks was very dangerous, had they not be taken western North America may have never been discovered, and all of the rabbits on Watership Down would have died at Sandleford. Hazel led the rabbits of Watership Down to become allies with other animals, much like Lewis became friends with Touissant Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea. The first animal that Hazel became friends with was a small mouse. Even though the mouse wasn't big enough to fight any battles with the rabbits, he became beneficial when he warned Hazel of Woundwort. Kehaar, a bird, was the other animal that the rabbits became allies with. He helped to lead Hazel to the warren of Efrafa. Without Kehaar, the rabbits would have never found Efrafa and the does that helped their small warren grow. Touissant Charbonneau and Sacagawea both assisted Lewis by being guides just like Kehaar. By making allies, Hazel and Lewis were able to make their missions easier and more enjoyable. Lewis and Hazel's journeys were not effortless, but because of their determination they were able to keep the morale high within their groups. Although there was extremely bad weather throughout Lewis' journey, he was able to keep up the hopes of his followers by telling them how wonderful life would be once they reached the Pacific Ocean. Hazel also had to tell his rabbits how wonderful the warren would be once they arrived there and were settled in. There were many times when the rabbits doubted Fiver's dreams and their decision to leave Sandleford, but Hazel always encouraged them to keep going. Both Hazel and Lewis did their best to stay optimistic, and in the end, their trips were triumphant. Lewis and Hazel both possessed magnificent leadership qualities, and because of these qualities they were able to complete great tasks. Hazel was able to lead a group of rabbits into a mysterious region, overcome many difficult obstacles, and develop a thriving warren. Lewis became one of the greatest explorers when he led men past rivers, over mountains, though rain and snow, and reached the Pacific. Hazel and Lewis took risks, made friends, used their determination, and other leadership skills to complete what seemed like impossible journeys. English Essays

How to Get a Job in Any Field By Humanizing Yourself

How to Get a Job in Any Field By Humanizing Yourself Sometimes the job hunt can feel like a numbers game: the average job search takes 43 days†¦92% of recruiters use social media†¦the average resume gets 6 seconds of attention. And our current obsession with data-driven decisions doesn’t stop there. We’re all walking, talking data points. But even though we’re up against numbers, don’t forget that there’s a human element to resumes: they’re written and read by humans (uh, after they make it through the automated keyword parsing systems, that is). And as such, there’s a huge mental game component to resumes: who’s reading this, and what will make them remember me? How can I present myself as a feeling, thinking, interesting person perfect for the job? Here is your guide on how to get a job by accomplish this.Pre-Game: Psych Yourself UpBefore you even write your resume, it’s important to get yourself into shape for this mental game. It sounds a little goofy, I know, but the more confident and winner-ish you feel going into the job search Olympics, the better you’ll feel about the whole thing. Now, you could start going to bed early and rising at 4:30 a.m. for sunrise jogs across town, but that kind of training isn’t necessary here (unless you’re applying for the actual Olympics). It’s more about adjusting your mindset and getting your plan in order so you can feel good about what you’re sending out.Set up the game.Thinking of your job search as a game is more than just a distraction- it can help you focus more on a successful outcome, believe it or not. It can be as easy as naming your goal, and setting personal rewards for making progress toward that goal (milestones). Maybe you give yourself bonus points along the way for doing well in an interview, or getting a call or email response for a resume you submit online.Think long game, not sudden death.Think of your job search as a long process, with every step and challenge along the way as progress toward an eventual win. If your goal is to find a job within 6 months, don’t get frustrated if your first few promising opportunities don’t pan out. Take it as an extended training exercise, where you get to practice honing your resume and interview skills.Concentrate on the present.You can’t control what happens in the future, and shouldn’t dwell on what happened before. There’s only the present and what you can do in it. So while you can reflect on the past to learn from it, and think about what your goals are in the future, it’s most important to concentrate on your present, and what you need to be doing right now to make sure you make progress.Remember that you have choices.Part of envisioning your job search as a mental game is remembering that as a player, you have options- plays to make, pieces to move. Nobody else is doing that for you. That puts all of the power in your hands to make this job search something that represents you, and your best abilities.It also helps if you feel stuck. If your career goal feels far away because you’re missing something (experience, the right network, etc.), what can you do to change that in the short term? There could be many ways to get to your goal, if you keep your thinking flexible. You can take a class to get more expertise. You could start trying to link up with movers and shakers on social media, or look for special networking events in your industry. Waiting around for things to happen to you is rarely a winning strategy.Game Time: Revamping Your ResumeIt’s time to play offense in the mental game, and that means working with your resume itself and prepping your application package. Here are 7 strategies you can use to try to reach the real person on the other end (recruiter, HR professional, hiring manager).Find a teammate.As you get started tailoring your resume for a particular job opening, try to network with so meone already at the company where you’re applying. Not in, like, a creepy and ingratiating way so you can drop their name in an interview, but in a â€Å"hey, I’m applying to your company’s marketing department and I’d love to have a chat about what it’s like to work there† way.You can also ask this person for feedback on your resume- e.g. does my resume match the company culture? It may not be a lifelong friendship, but if you find someone willing to be your networking buddy, it can give you good insight into what kind of people this place hires. And if this small request for a few minutes of insight opens the door to a word in the right ear or an introduction, then you definitely owe this person a beverage of their choosing to celebrate this new friendship.Quantity in addition to quality.If you have numbers to back up any point on your resume, use them! For example:Instead of: â€Å"Saved the company money by switching vendors†Try: â€Å"Coordinated a vendor change that saved 8% on office supplies in 2015.†Instead of: â€Å"Mentored new hires†Try: â€Å"Mentored 16-20 new hires per year.†Instead of: â€Å"Organized a fundraiser†Try: â€Å"Spearheaded an event that raised $12,000 from 250 participants†Don’t be afraid to be quirky†¦within reason.There’s not much leeway for jokes within your resume, because you want to present yourself as a genuine, serious candidate. But you can show some of your personality if you include your interests. This can catch the reader’s eye, and help them set you apart in their head as they sift through candidate resumes.For example, if your skills include being a world-class fly fisherperson, add it. If you won your company’s bake-off over 30 other people (true story!), list it along with any other awards. Little bits like this, used sparingly, can really sparkle in an otherwise straightforward resume- and again, you want to make yourself memorable to the person reading, kind of like a mnemonic device you set off in his or her head. â€Å"The pie guy- I liked him!† could get you to the next level.Don’t use fancy fonts or visual tricks.This one might run counter to the kinds of psychological trickery you might expect†¦after all, you want to stand out, right? Red Comic Sans might be the way to do that. Except it’s not. For one thing, your carefully chosen visual stunnery might be for naught if your resume translates through their system as plain text. Also, you run the real risk of an eye roll and being remembered for the wrong reasons. So you should try to stand out within the system, rather than showing what a rebel you are (design-wise).Follow the Rule of Seven.Jon Youshaei of Forbes recommends adapting the old â€Å"Rule of Seven† marketing policy, where your customer needs to hear your product name or message seven times before it really sinks in. You can use it here to create a kind of subliminal messaging. If you go to the company’s website and read it’s mission statement/About Us section, find buzzwords that are clearly important to the company, and use them (or variations on them) seven times in your resume. It should be done pretty subtly, though†¦you don’t want the reader to feel like he or she’s just reading the same thing over and over.For example, if the company puts a high priority on its status as an innovator, make sure to sprinkle in words like â€Å"changed,† â€Å"disrupted,† â€Å"modernized,† etc. throughout the resume. These kinds of keywords may or may not curry favor with the automated digital reader, but the human one will likely pick up on subtle connections to the company.Align yourself with bigger brands.Name-dropping can be insufferable (as George Clooney and mentioned to me the other day) in everyday conversation, but if you use some big names in your res ume, it can help increase the impressiveness factor. For example, if the last company you worked for won an award or had a major client, try to (artfully) insert that information. â€Å"Arranged sponsorship from Pepsi, Foxwoods, and Toys ‘R Us.†Emphasize what you want them to see.If you’re a little thin on experience but have a ton of skills, use a top-loaded skills-based resume. If you want to emphasize your work with notable companies, put the experience first. If the company has a reputation for hiring grads from schools with good basketball programs, put your UConn education front and center. There’s no single format for a resume- you find the one that works best with what you’re working with and how you want to say it.Whether you do see the job application process as a data exercise (collecting all your professional data) or more of a psychological give-and-take between you and The System, you want to put in as much work as possible to get to y our goal. And either way, you’ll want to have your end zone dance ready for when you win the game, job offer in hand.

Press Releases A Blast from the Past

Press Releases A Blast from the Past Marketing and promotion – the bane of every writer. What works? What doesnt work? Over the past eight years, I have published several childrens and middle grade books. In 2010, blog tours and guest posts were the way to go. It was so much fun visiting and talking with new people through the blogs; especially when it was one of the characters from my book doing the talking. My imagination could go wild! That does not work anymore, nor does offering free copies, or hosting a book release event on Facebook. Only one thing has remained consistently effective through the ever-changing times – press releases. The Test of Time Press releases are a relic from the past, a dinosaur in the new digital age. They were a great means of free advertising in days gone For example, my husband and I submitted press releases to the local newspapers prior to a book signing event. More visitors attended that event than any of our previous signings. We were amazed at the number of people who commented, I saw it in the paper and thought Id drop Another bonus: Our community newspaper asked for an interview. When you live in a small town, being a published writer is big news! It may take a little extra finesse to get a write-up in a larger paper, but it can be done. Consider the topic being more than about the books release, and instead more about the impact of the book, a strange intriguing fact about how the book came about, how the book meets an urgent need, how a famous/semi-famous person reviewed your book and what they thought. In other words, the book isnt the newssomething else amazing related to the book is. Hope Clark, for instance, used the fact she met her federal agent husband over a bribery investigation, which led to the first book in her Carolina Slade Mystery Series. She landed a feature in a local magazine and a podcast interview. Target Your Audience The secret to making a press release work is to target your audience. Do you have a new release? Have you won any awards? Does your book highlight any specific region or profession? My husband writes historical fiction about the golden age of aviation. The setting for the story centers around the Hudson River Valley in NY. We emailed press releases to the newspapers in that region, as well as to aviation publications. During the following month, he had quite a few sales. Was it coincidence or did he gain some new readers through our use of good old-fashioned free publicity? Writing a Press Release Editors want the meat with a few potatoes on the side. In other words, your press release should be short, sweet, and to the point. First and foremost, the headline is the eye-catcher and needs to grab the readers attention. Youre a writer and understand the need for a hook. The meat (two to three short paragraphs) needs to briefly describe what the book is about, how it relates to the reader or geographical area, along with interesting facts about the book and author. A quote or two goes a long way. Go quirky, unique, and outside the box. The closing paragraph is the call to action and should have the authors contact information, website, and where to purchase the book. You can also include a small jpg of the cover. Mention any discounts or limited time offers. It goes without saying; the press release is a reflection of you as an author and should be grammatically correct with no misspelled words. Getting the News Out There Sending out the press release used to be a time-consuming process. First you had to determine who to send it to and write to each of your targets. Thanks to press release distribution sites, the work load is now dramatically reduced. https://www.1888pressrelease.com/ https://pressexposure.com/ https://www.newswire.com/ free-press-release.com/ These sites will send your news out far and wide, but you may still want to hand pick a few newspapers and periodicals on your own as specific targets since emails are so easily deleted. No matter how you do it, you will find press releases are still an effective marketing tool, and well worth the time and effort.

The connection between religion and contemporary politics ( both Assignment

The connection between religion and contemporary politics ( both public and private) in Indonesia - Assignment Example It also needs to be viewed from the historical perspective of the country itself and how the significant political changes affected the way religion influence the ordinary life. A closer look at the cultural history of the country also indicate that Indonesia remained under the occupation and as such this also affected the way its culture has developed over the period of time. Over the period of time, Indonesian society was developed and socially influenced based on the non-Islamic lines therefore in order to understand the influence of religion on Indonesian society, it is really important to carefully separate the different social and cultural elements in order to study the influence of religion on Indonesian society. (Suryadinata, 2003) This paper will therefore attempt to discuss the religion and contemporary politics in Indonesia and will offer insight into various political transitions which country made and how religion influenced the overall outcomes in the Indonesian society. Indonesia remained under four different occupations from different colonial powers including Dutch, Portuguese and Britain. It also remained under the occupation of Japan till its struggle for the independence was successful. Dutch occupation was probably the longest colonization of Indonesia as it lasted for more than 350 years. During these years, Indonesian society went through many changes and as such religious sentiments and values were mixed with the intrusion of new set of values implemented by Dutch during their occupation of the country. Dutch occupation however, also brought forward some critical policy changes in the way how the Indonesian government was run. From influencing the way how agriculture produce was to be distributed between rural and urban areas of the country to the establishment of solid economic administration, Dutch set up most of the physical infrastructure in the country and allowed it to develop a growing

Report of a company from the air - freight sector Essay

Report of a company from the air - freight sector - Essay Example This is done to understand how organizations will perform in their near futures and the steps that can be taken in order to improve. Thus, the report suggests that despite the decline in the organization’s revenue due to the fall in their volume, they still have high potential to perform well in the future. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Business environment 4 PEST Analysis 4 Political 4 Economic 5 Social 6 Technology 6 Porter’s Five Forces 6 Rivalry within the industry 7 Bargaining power of the customers 7 Bargaining power of the suppliers 8 Threat of new entrant 8 Threat of Substitute 8 Assessment of DHL 8 Assets of DHL 8 Strengths and Weaknesses 9 Customers Segmentation 10 Conclusion 11 Reference List 12 Introduction Today the performance of an organization is not only dependent on the internal factors within the organization, but also on the external factors that continuously affect the internal operations. In this context, DHL has been considered in this rep ort, on which the analysis will be conducted and recommendations will be made regarding the performance of their business. DHL is a segment of Deutsche Post DHL, a logistic company based in Germany that provides international express mail service. Deutsche Post is the world leading logistic company with major international presence. They are the global market leader in air and sea mail. The organization was originally founded in the year 1969 to distribute documents between Honolulu and San Francisco; however, the organization managed to expand their services throughout the world. Inter-continental and offshore deliveries were the main interest of the organization. The organization served many other countries, not served by any other air-freight organizations, such as, North Korea, Vietnam, China, Iran, Iraq, Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union (Zetes, n.d.). In order to conduct the performance analysis of the organization along with PEST analysis, Porter’s five forces, SWOT analys is as well as segmentation and targeting strategy of the organization, based on which the business performance will be discussed. Business environment PEST Analysis Political Air freight or air cargo is regulated by the policies established in the year 1994 in the Chicago Conference. When the policy was established, the air cargo industry was in its infancy and the agreements were mainly related to the limitation on foreign ownership and airline destination. These regulations were seen to affect the carrier operations such as, restriction towards the ground handling services and diversification of the ancillary functions related to air cargo. These restrictions had limited the ways of conducting business. In order to keep pace with the economic expansion and global trade, both the international and national regulatory frameworks related to air cargo were made more liberal. For instance, in US, the deregulation in air cargo not only liberalised the licensing of the carriers, but also opened domestic routes to encourage full competition. The common aviation area of Europe was decided, which allowed the carriers to operate in European Union. These reforms had considerable impact in the air cargo industry by open up skies, providing them additional trading and access opportunities. However, the liberalisation was taking place at a slower pace for South East Asia. In 2002, Memorandum of

Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Interventions

Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Interventions Restorative justice is a holistic philosophy and a concept as it encompasses the offender, the victim and the society in which the offence was committed. It aims to bring a conclusive end to the offence committed by making some type of reparations for the malice inflicted, the hurt caused and the deepening of the urge to re-offend. Restorative justice, although a part of the criminal justice process, is not a part of the criminal justice system as one of its goals it to alleviate the damage caused by the criminal justice system on the offender and the victim. There are many explanations of the concept of restorative justice (Zehr, 1990, 1997; Van Ness, 1996; Van Ness Strong, 1997; Sherman Strong, 2007; Amour et al, 2008). This shows that the concept remains hard to define (McCold, 1999; Brazemore Schiff, 2001; Latimer et al, 2005; Pranis, 2007). However, at a United Nations Convention, a working definition was adopted and titled the Marshall Definition (McCold, 1999; Newell, 2002) the following is his definition: Restorative justice is a process whereby parties with a stake in a specific offence collectively solve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999). Mier (1998), attempts to define restorative justice without any reference to two of the circles namely the victim and society. In a later definition Menkel-Medow (2007) acknowledges Marshalls definition but attempts to be more concise: restorative justice in its most idealised form attempts to repair, restore, reconcile and rei ntegrate offenders and victims to each other and to their shared community. However, the United Nations and the Council of Europe have agreed that there are differences in the terminologies and ideologies on restorative justice (Roche, 2001; Mier et al, 2001; Johnstone et al, 2006). With or without an accurate definition the concept of restorative justice has been in use since the early 1970s in Canada and after became widely used and identified with; Victim offender mediation (VOM), conferencing, circles, victim assistance, ex-offender assistance, restitution and community service. Whereas retributive/criminal justice focuses on punishment, the restorative paradigm emphasizes accountability, healing, and closure (Umbriet, 1998) and looks at the offence as on the person and not on the state. One of the major consequences of restorative justice is the healing or closure for the victim of the offence. For too long the victim was made to suffer the offence many times over in the criminal justice system and in some cases feel a level of disrespect, as the case was dragged through court, this caused the victims to run that gauntlet of emotions over again and sometimes being unable to cope with those feelings they skip hearings or even cause the case to be quashed letting the offender go free and feeling that he had the advantage (Graef, 2000; Herman Webster, 2005; Newell cited in Edgar, 2002.; Menkle-Medow, 2007; YJB, 2008) In the criminal justice system the victim is hardly ever given an opportunity to explain how the have been impacted by the offence and sometimes are not even given the chance to meet their offender in court, this can cause repression of emotions and further scaring, they are given very few real opportunities to become an active participant in the court pr ocess because the criminal justice system is all about the offender and not the victim (Herman Webster, 2005; Umbreit 1998; YJB, 2008). In restorative justice the emphasis ideally should be on all three sections relating to the offence; the victim, the offender and the society/community (Newell, 2002; Schiff, 2007; Marshall 1999) surrounding the offence, however a little more emphasis is placed in many cases on the victim, this type of mediation (Graef, 2000) makes the victims feel that they are an important factor (Graef, 2000; Crawford et al, 2003; Herman Webster, 2005; Angel, 2005; Kubanzky, 2007 cited in Sherman Strang, 2007). With restorative justice the victim feels a since of vindication understanding the reasons, if any, behind why they were targeted for the offence which sometimes lead to an understanding that this will not happen to them again, at least not by the hands of the same offender and that they were not the cause of the offence being inflicted upon them (Umbri et, 1998; Graef, 2000; Herman Webster, 2005; Green 2007). As a result of restoration the victim is able to put a face to the crime and not be assailed with the fear that the culprit is still out there; watching them; even living next door to them or possibly a friend, they are more satisfied with the result (McCold et al 1998; Strang 2002; Sherman Strang 2007; Tudor, 2002.). The victims feel comfortable and are able to reintegrate themselves into society as a productive member (Umbriet, 1998; Marshall 1999; Graef, 2000). In cases where the victim is allowed to decide the retribution of the offender they can feel a sense of justice as the sentence is exactly what they want in order to feel retribution for the crime committed this assists in repairing the harm caused (Herman Webster, 2005; Schiff, 2007). Restorative justice is seen in these cases to be much more rehabilitative than any correctional programme in the criminal justice system because it is the human side of the offence (Graef, 2000; Herman Webster, 2005; Tudor, 2002.) and it places emphasis on repairing relationships which are the tapestry of society (Schiff, 2007). Linda Radzik (2007) argues that restorative justice focuses heavily on the ability of the offender to take positive restorative action (Graef, 2000), she continues to point out that in all cases in order for this action to be fully restorative it must be sincere and voluntary (Umbreit 1994; Menkle-Medow, 2007). It must also be offered for the right reasons and must also be married with other sincere and voluntary efforts on the part of the offender, such as a change in behaviour (Radzik, 2007). Radzik (2007) also goes on to outline the necessary steps the offender needs to complete in order to be considered reformed under the restorative justice concept. One of the main consequences of restorative justice is that the offender is able to heal in a more positive and possibly holistic manner, thus limiting the impact of his suffering, to the criminal justice method of public shaming, this type of indirect shaming does not rehabilitate the offender but usually leads to further anger being internalised and then released as further offending (Graef, 2000). Within this system the offender is treated for the offence, this treatment may be for the psychological, psychiatric or other underlying problem which is underlying the offence committed and may not be limited to traditional medicated treatments but may take the form of counselling, examination of self and emotions and understanding the impact of their actions (Umbriet, 1998; Graef, 2000; Radzik, 2006; Schiff, 2007; Menkle-Medow, 2007). Sutton (2002) states that the restorative justice process provides a concrete manner in which offenders can confront their own behaviour and the damage i t causes. He goes on to say that the object is not to punish the offender of the prisoner but to show how they can become a part of the community even a prison community. Braithwaite (1989 cited in Graef, 2000) countered with the argument that shaming can be a useful tool in the restorative process and once used wisely forms a part of the offenders rehabilitation, this is called rehabilitative shaming. In order for restorative justice to work and healing to take place, the offender must take responsibility for their own actions and the effect on those impacted (Graef, 2000). Walgrave (2007 p.562) agrees that crime is a public event. The following excerpt sums up the result of the act of taking responsibility by the offender: In the restorative process, the victim has the opportunity to witness the offender taking responsibility for his or her actions and apologising for his or her behaviour. For the offender, this means taking responsibility for what happened, but doing so in a context in which he or she is reassured that he or she need to be defined by that action now ostracized forever by family, friends and community. Traditional processes tend to stigmatize both the act and the actor, in the restorative process the two are distinguished so that the offender having acknowledged responsibility and made reparations, can earn his or her way back to acceptance by the community (Brazemore, 1998 cited in Schiff, 2007 p.231). Another important result of the restorative justice process with respect to the offender is its effect on the offenders family. In many instances there are reports of the family of offenders having to hide from the public or even move to other countries, states and deny any relationship with the offender because the public is willing to take their revenge on the family if they cannot have the offender (Tudor, pp 16-19, 2002). This occurs too often to the detriment of the family and the offender. The offender usually look to their family for support, comfort and love no matter how heinous the crime, however if the family or support unit feels endangered by the actions of persons who are not in favour with the offender then they may not want to be in contact or may fall on foul deeds at the hands of another in society who in angry. The offenders also need a support system in order to reintegrate as a productive and valued member, usually loved ones are the bridge which they use to rega in trust and acceptance from society, if this is not there then there maybe a relapse (Graef, 2000, Sutton, 2002). In many cases restorative justice limits the suffering on the family of the offender. Sutton (2002) takes this a little further by proposing that prisons should be seen as extensions of the community and not a separate entity because it makes the offenders visible and he indicates that the prisons are community service vehicles or working communities (Graef, 2000; Sutton, 2002) and need to be seen as such, this he says is achieved through restorative justice. Through this restorative process the offender is able to re-evaluate their actions and use the network of support which is given to ensure that they never re-offend (Graef, 2000; Schiff, 2007). A recent briefing report on expenditure in the criminal courts by the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) indicated that expenditure in the criminal courts system rose by as much as thirty-one percent to  £1027.89 million within the past three years, while staffing fell by fourteen percent (1,088 staff members) and the number of cases brought to the Crown Court increased by seventeen percent. This is a significant expenditure on any government for a criminal justice system. It is neatly summed up by Schiff (2007) when she stated that the criminal justice system assumes that the government is responsible to address all stakeholder concerns. Pranis (2002) made mention of the skyrocketing cost of punishment, and noted that restorative justice required much less monetary investment as it is about healing and reparations. While Menkle-Medow (2007) stated that restorative justice is less costly and more efficient in monetary and deterrent effects. Due to the fact that restorative justice responds to crime and offences without utilising salaried members of the system (police, legal aid, lawyers, magistrates, clerical personnel, prison personnel, in-house counsellors and hospitals) and solutions within the system (correctional facilities, jails and hospitals) the cost of the offender and victim is much less (Marshall, 1999; Sherman Strang, 2007; Menkle-Medow, 2007). Even delays within the criminal justice system cause increases in cost. In a paper by the Barrow Cadbury Trust there are calculations showing the various costs and savings of diversions of cases from the criminal justice system to the restorative justice and juvenile system. It shows tremendous saving from these diversions in a period of one to five years. Diversions to restorative justice conferencing will realise a savings of  £7,050 per offender; diversions from custody to community orders via changes in sentencing guidelines will realise a savings of  £1,032 per offender and diversions fr om trial under adult law to trial under juvenile law following maturity assessment is likely to produce a lifetime cost saving to society of almost  £420 per offender (Barrow Cadbury Trust, 2009). This will produce significant savings over the life of some cases where preparatory time is high and the chances of winning the case is low This is summarised by Sherman and Strang (2007) in the following quote ..one is to reduce the use of courts for processes that fail to bring offenders to justice. A second is to reduce the use of prisons for offenders whose incarceration does not prevent total crimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The unintended consequences coming out from the positive side of restorative justice as listed by the National Institute of Justice (2007) involves such things as the co-option of restorative process for coercive or punitive ends; undue offender orientation and the expansion of social control. However according to the National Institute of Justice (2007) these are to be resisted. From the above references and studies conducted restorative justice has shown itself to be not only cost effective but also very effective in reintegrating and re-establishing some sense of normalcy in the lives of some if not most of the victims which were involved in the process. More research needs to be conducted on the variables of restorative justice which in more countries to be able to come to firm and conclusive statements regarding the concept. This research will also bring conclusion to thoughts from Miers et al (2001) who says that restorative justice is time consuming and labour intensive beset by communication problems and delays. Even if restorative justice does not become a mainstream section of the system, it can quite possibly be integrated into the present criminal justice system to deal with offenders or criminals (Walgrave, 2007 p. 569). In this manner he is countered by Sherman Strang (2007) with the following summary views on the effectiveness of restorative j ustice: Crime victims who receive restorative justice do better, than victims who do not, across a wide range of outcomes, including post-traumatic stress. In many tests, offenders who receive restorative justice commit fewer repeat crimes than offenders who do not. In no large-sample test has restorative justice increased repeat offending compared with criminal justice Diversion from prosecution to RJ substantially increases the odds of an offender being brought to justice. Restorative justice can do as well as, or better than, short prison sentences, as measured by repeat offending. Restorative justice reduces stated victim desire for violent revenge against offenders. With these above successes the must be some place in the system for restorative justice.

High Speed Trains

Rail Vehicle Systems H i g h – S p e e d Tra i n s Source: Siemens High-Speed Trains Air Supply | Brake Control | Bogie Equipment | Rail-Services | On-Board Source: Bombardier 2 Why do more and more high-speed train manufacturers and operators put their faith in Knorr-Bremse systems ? Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse systems are impressive even at extremely high speeds At speeds of up to 400 km/h, enormous forces are generated. Trains that regularly travel long distances at high speeds require braking systems that can keep these forces under control – both safely and economically.As well as lightweight, compact systems that can be used worldwide, there is a need for intelligent control systems. Knorr-Bremse is regarded as an international pioneer in this field. On the basis of tried-and-tested technologies, we develop innovative solutions offering top levels of safety, reliability, and economy. The systems we have developed are so efficient that they also score top mar ks in terms of environmental friendliness. Customers enjoy full support from a single source – from the initial planning stage and commissioning right down to aftermarket services.Worldwide operator and customer audits regularly single out the consistent quality of our products and services for praise – and this is confirmed by our EN 50126 (RAMS and LCC) certification. 3 High-Speed Trains Systems Solutions For Every Market On-BOard S yS t e m S BOgie equipment a i r S u p p ly What is Knorr-Bremse’s complete â€Å"one-stop solution† for high-speed trains 4 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Air Supply Combined compressor and air treatment system Knorr-Bremse’s ready-to-install air supply equipment has been adapted in line with the trend towards increasingly compact, lightweight systems.Our product portfolio includes low-vibration and low-noise screw compressors with an output of between 600 and 2,500 l/min. as well as air dryers and condensate collectors. A p articularly economic solution is the first ever oil-free compressor, with life-cycle costs that are up to 50% lower than those of conventional compressors. B o gie Equipment Innovative design minimizes assembly and maintenance requirements Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of compact, lightweight bogie equipment including low-maintenance compact brake calipers, low-wear brake discs, and innovative high-performance brake pads.Sinter pads reduce the life-cycle costs of electromagnetic track brakes by up to 40%. The eddy current brake is completely free of wear components. Brake Control Ensuring the intelligent interaction of all brake functions With brake control systems, Knorr-Bremse ensures optimum functioning of all systems involved in the braking process and allow reliable stopping of the train in all operating conditions.The highly flexible and configurable brake control system EP Compact, together with the modular electronic platform ESRA, manages the pressure control, anti-skid, wheel-slide monitoring and diagnostics, as well as further highly complex brake control functions. BraKe cO n t r O l O n-B oard Systems Doors, air-conditioning units, and more It is not just Knorr-Bremse braking systems that ensure greater safety and comfort in rail vehicles. Our on-board product portfolio covers a wide range of innovative products and solutions including vehicle and platform doors and air-conditioning units.We also produce state-of-the-art electronic diagnostic systems and windscreen wiper and wash systems. R ail-S er vices A partner for all requirements throughout the entire product life-cycle Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of rail-services ranging from individual consultancy and collaborative product development to homologation, commissioning, training, maintenance, repair, upgrading, and overhaul of all components – as well as a reliable supply of OEM parts. Whether you opt for individual services or the full package, everything is provided locally, e ither on-site or in one of our global service centers.Testing Test benches for all products – worldwide Knorr-Bremse supplies test benches for all products and systems, customized and tailored to the customer’s requirements, to supplement longterm overhaul services with tools and products for daily maintenance. Several hundreds of test benches and test installations are in operational service with our customers worldwide – for example, as train brake tests, test benches for brake control products, compressors, air dryers, tread brakes, brake calipers, and more.A perfect balance of high-quality systems and services Knorr-Bremse’s expertise in the field has gone into every single component and system. Top-quality components operate smoothly together to guarantee optimum functionality, high reliability, and maximum safety. Complex electronic control systems such as blending and brake management reduce wear to a minimum by ensuring balanced operation of all s ystems. The system can be configured either to use the vehicle bus system or a separate bus exclusive to the braking system. For each project, customers are closely consulted at the design stage.It goes without saying that Knorr-Bremse offers support during the homologation process as well as all the necessary on-site services across the entire product life-cycle. 5 High-Speed Trains C u t t i n g – E d g e Te c h n o l o g i e s Compressors Oil-free compressor Compact Brake Calipers Easy to install, maintenance-free, unusually lightweight The compact brake caliper unit has a completely redesigned mechanism for applying braking force that allows for considerable transverse axle movement and tilt without generating any internal stresses.Requiring only a standard interface, it is easy to install, and sealed joints mean low maintenance. Its weight has also been reduced by up to an impressive 100 kg per bogie. Modular Brake Control EP Compact and ESRA – modular brake contr ol With EP Compact, Knorr-Bremse has developed a flexible and powerful brake control system with central and distributed control coming from one family. Core functions can be expanded by adding a wide range of options offered by various modules of the EP Compact product family.Especially for high-speed trains, Knorr-Bremse has developed innovative ESRA modules for new functions as defined in the TSI. Knorr-Bremse is the only brake supplier to offer an integrated solution for bogie monitoring and diagnostics comprising detection of non-rotating axles, derailment detection and additional diagnostic functions to improve service and maintenance. Knorr-Bremse was the first company in the rail vehicle industry to develop a compressor that operates without any oil. Lubrication is replaced by a special coating, and the unit is cooled by air taken in via the crankcase.This innovative product is a winner in both environmental and economic terms. Expenses for oil changes, oil separation, and c ondensate disposal are avoided, and energy consumption, weight, and installation space are significantly reduced. Innovations that pay their way Reducing wear and tear and maintenance costs is a good way of saving money. More than any other manufacturer, Knorr-Bremse has succeeded in finely coordinating the complex interplay of different braking systems. Brake components that are prone to wear are only used when the wear-free electro-dynamic braking cannot cope on its own.Even then, patented ISOBAR brake pads have proven longevity against conventional materials. Brake pads and discs require replacement less frequently, and their design enables them to be serviced rapidly. The brake calipers themselves are low maintenance. These examples demonstrate that if all the relevant factors are included in the calculation, the bottom line is savings for the customer. Customized service packages ensure that all Knorr-Bremse systems function smoothly for up to 30 years – anywhere in the world.The secret is our combination of OEM expertise and a highly efficient service infrastructure. 6 Rail Vehicle Systems Brake Management Intelligent braking Stefan Aurich Team Leader, System Engineering High-Speed Trains â€Å"We produce utterly reliable systems for rail vehicles that are subject to heavy use. Our products offer everything: easy handling, low-cost, and uncompromising levels of safety. † Economical braking is all about reducing the stress on wear components to a minimum. Knorr-Bremse ensures that friction brakes only come into operation when wear-free dynamic brakes are not enough.A brake management system for the entire train calculates brake force distribution based on different data: available brake effort of the individual brake systems, vehicle weights and adhesion limits, and thermal limits of the friction brake are taken into account to blend the different systems and achieve a balanced braking. is it true that Knorr-Bremse’s high-speed soluti ons are also the best in the world in terms of economy ? 7 High-Speed Trains Satisfied Customers †¦ 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wherever top quality is crucial for competitiveness Knorr-Bremse’s rail vehicle systems are not only cutting-edge technology – they are also market leaders.All over the world, when manufacturers and operators make purchasing decisions, they take a wide range of factors relating to safety and economics into consideration. They find that the best results are offered by Knorr-Bremse’s unique combination of experience and innovation. Many customers opt for the full range of Knorr-Bremse systems and components for their high-speed trains. Examples for equipped high-speed trains worldwide: 1 BR 407 2 AVE S 103 3 AGV Pegase 4 CRH3 5 AVE S 102 6 KTX Korea 8 †¦ Supplied With Excellent Products Air SupplyOil-free compressor Oil-free air (environmentally friendly, no downstream contamination) Less complex system / fewer interfaces (no oil filter, no c ondensate collector) Almost maintenance-free, very low LCC Screw compressor Special design, related to tough railway operation conditions Low compressor noise level Virtually pulsation-free, delivery of compressed air Brake Control EP Compact Flexible brake control platform Central and distributed control Compact design Continuous pneumatic load correction Full set of auxiliary functions CENELEC- and TSI-compliantModular ESRA Intelligent combination of pneumatic and electronic control Intelligent blending and brake management Modular and suitable to the various customer requirements CENELEC- and TSI-compliant Bogie Equipment Wheel- and axle-mounted brake disc Standardized interface and fixation on wheel Resistant against thermal cracks due to movable friction disc Robust design with high safety against external shock and vibration Compact brake caliper Only one interface to bogie Highly modular design Optimized design regarding weight, assembly, and costs Reduced maintenance 9 Rail Vehicle SystemsCompact units Compact, light, reliable Protected: developed especially for installation beneath the frame All components to be maintained can be reached through a maintenance port Air dryer Dual-chamber regeneration dryer Lightweight aluminum design Integrated pre-filtration elements COMORAN – Condition Monitoring for Railway Applications Condition monitoring and diagnosis Derailment detection Reducing life-cycle costs Fulfillment of TSI requirements Modular motion controller kit Brake, traction, and master controller Compatible with UIC standard Small, flexible installation space Robust design, proven applicationIsobar sinter brake pad Flexible sinter brake pad with highest brake performance Temperature resistant with constant friction behavior Long disc and pad life due to even temperature distribution on brake disc For overhaul, only replacement of friction elements necessary Eddy current brake No mechanical contact between brake and rail No wear and tear an d low maintenance Noiseless braking Brake force does not depend on friction coefficient Constant brake force even at high-speed applications 10 Rail Vehicle Systems Where have Knorr-Bremse solutions already been tried and tested ? 11 High-Speed Trains T h e F u t u r eWhat prospects for the future can Knorr-Bremse offer in the high-speed segment 12 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Secure Operation | Secure Investment | Secure Future The future belongs to technology leaders The extreme stress to which high-speed trains are subjected call for unusually high-performance, top-quality, and safe braking technologies. We offer to adapt every system to the specific operating conditions involved, thereby minimizing wear and tear and achieving top levels of economy and vehicle availability. As a manufacturer of braking systems with more than 100 years‘ experience, Knorr-Bremse has the necessary expertise to achieve this.High levels of R & D investment ensure that our systems remain cutting-edge a round the world. With railservices Knorr-Bremse offers a high-quality portfolio of maintenance and aftermarket services ranging from original spare parts and maintenance agreements right down to responsibility for complete systems during the entire life-cycle. Customers also benefit from a comprehensive network of service centers for all braking and on-board systems. 13 Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Moosacher Stra? e 80 80809 Munich Germany Tel: +49 89 3547 0 Fax: +49 89 3547 2767 www. knorr-bremse. om Europe – Africa Austria – Modling Dr. techn. J. ZELISKO GmbH Tel: +43 2236 409 0 Knorr-Bremse GmbH Tel: +43 2236 409 0 Austria – Kematen/Ybbs Knorr-Bremse GmbH Division IFE Tel: +43 7448 9000 Czech Republic – Brno IFE-CR, a. s. Tel: +42 0532 159 111 IGE-CZ s. r. o. Tel: +42 0548 424 050 France – Reims Freinrail Systemes Ferroviaires S. A. Tel: +33 3 2679 7200 Germany – Berlin Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schi enenfahrzeuge GmbH Zweigniederlassung Berlin Tel: +49 30 9392 0 Hungary – Budapest Knorr-Bremse Vasuti Jarmu Rendszerek Hungaria Kft. Tel: +36 1421 1100 Italy – Florence Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Italia S. r. l.Tel: +39 055 3020 1 Italy – Rozzano Microelettrica Scientifica SpA Tel: +39 02 575 731 Netherlands – Leeuwarden IFE Tebel Technologies B. V. Tel: +31 58 297 3333 Poland – Krakow Knorr-Bremse Systemy dla Kolejowych Srodkow Lokomocji PL Sp. z o. o. Tel: +48 12 260 96 10 Romania – Bucharest Knorr-Bremse SRL Tel: +40 37 400 5155 Russia – Moscow Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Tel: +7 495 739 01 13 South Africa – Spartan Knorr-Bremse (SA) (Pty) Ltd. Tel: +27 11 961 7800 South Africa – Johannesburg Microelettrica Scientifica (PTY) Ltd Tel: +27 11 794 3330 Spain – Madrid Merak Sistemas Integrados de Climatizacion, S.A. Tel: +34 91 495 90 00 Sociedad Espanola de Frenos Calefaccion y Senales, S. A. T el: +34 91 145 9400 Sweden – Lund Knorr-Bremse Nordic Rail Services AB Tel: +46 46 3293 50 Switzerland – Niederhasli Oerlikon-Knorr Eisenbahntechnik AG Tel:+41 44 852 31 11 United Kingdom – Melksham Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems (UK) Ltd. Tel: +44 1225 898 700 United Kingdom – Derby Sydac Ldt Derwent Business Centre Tel: +44 1332 299 600 United Kingdom – Donchaster Techtrain Associates Ltd Tel: +44 1302 360043 Americ a Brazil – Sao Paulo Knorr-Bremse Sistemas para Veiculos Ferroviarios Ltda. Tel: +55 11 5681 1129 Canada – Kingston Knorr Brake Ltd.Tel: +1 613 389 46 60 USA – Randolph Microelettrica USA LLC Tel: +1 973 598 0806 USA – Watertown New York Air Brake Corporation Tel: +1 315 786 52 00 USA – West Chicago Anchor Brake Shoe Company Tel: +1 630 293 1110 USA – Westminster IFE North America Tel: +1 410 875 1468 Knorr Brake Corporation Tel: +1 410 875 09 00 Merak North America LLC Tel: +1 410 875 09 00 A sia – Australia Australia – Granville NSW Knorr-Bremse Australia Pty. Ltd. Tel: +61 2 8863 6500 Australia – Adelaide Sydac Pty Ldt Tel: +61 8239 3600 China – Beijing Knorr-Bremse CARS LD Vehicle Brake Disc Manufacturing (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 10 5101 0999 Knorr-Bremse Nankou Air Supply Unit (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 10 5164 2640 Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Beijing Office Tel: +86 10 6802 9088 China – Guangzhou Westinghouse Platform Screen Doors (Guangzhou) Ltd. Tel: +86 20 8770 8700 China – Hong Kong Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel: +852 3657 9800 China – Qingdao IFE-Victall Railway Vehicle Door Systems (Qingdao) Co. , Ltd. Tel: +86 532 8793 8512 China – Shanghai Merak Railways Technologies (Shanghai) Co. , Ltd.Tel: +86 21 5192 5800 China – Suzhou New District Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 512 6616 5666 This publication may be subject to alteration without prior notice. A printed copy of this document may not be the latest revision. Please contact your local Knorr-Bremse representative or check our website www. knorr-bremse. com for the latest update. The figurative mark â€Å"K† and the trademarks KNORR and KNORRBREMSE are registered in the name of Knorr-Bremse AG. Copyright 2007  © Knorr-Bremse AG – All rights reserved.Including industrial property rights applications. Knorr-Bremse AG retains any power of disposal, such as for copying and transferring. China – Wuxi Merak Jinxin Air Conditioning Systems (Wuxi) Co. , Ltd. Tel: +86 510 8558 3133 India – Faridabad Knorr-Bremse India Private Ltd. Tel: +91 129 227 64 09 Japan – Tokyo Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Japan Ltd. Tel: +81 3 53 91 10 13 Korea – Seoul Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Korea Ltd. Tel: +82 2 22 80 55 55 Singapore – Singapore Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel: +65 6555 0105 P-1203-EN-03 09. 2010

Profile of Elizabeth How, Persecuted Salem Witch

Analysis Of The Book Anthem By Ayn Rand For Summer Reading...

Introduction: How’d He Do That? Memory, symbol and pattern affect the reading of literature by causing the reader to focus on details of the story that are crucial to the understanding of the literary work itself. Symbolism allows the writer to entice the reader to find a meaning, and it may even be open for interpretation. Pattern is often found when one distances themselves from the details of the story, to see what lies beneath the characters, drama, or plot. Memory is when the reader relates the work to another of sorts in their own respect. My appreciation of symbolism in a literary work was especially evident when I was assigned the book Anthem by Ayn Rand for summer reading my freshman year. As a dystopian novel about a fictional society, this book was chock full of symbolism. The real breakthrough moment for me was at the end of the novel, when it became evident that the reason the pronoun â€Å"I† had not been used throughout the entire novel was to symbolize t he ideal that in a communist society, or a society similar, there is no sense of self or self-worth due to each citizen working for the â€Å"common good of the general public/entire society† instead of working to be better or wealthier as an individual. I was rather confused for most of the book by the use of the word ‘we’ in place of ‘I’, however, but when this detail was revealed, it made the entire story come together and finally make sense. Chapter 1- Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When It’s Not) The five aspects