Microbiology Notes free essay sample

His artful culmination stone worker â€Å"David†, was made somewhere in the range of 1501 and 1504 C. He was a French stone worker and writer D. Made the popular fresco on the roof of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Branches of Microbiology Medical Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Agricultural Microbiology Legumes +N2-fixing Microorganisms have significant job in cycling plant supplements (N, P, C, S) Cattle creation relies upon rumen microorganisms Biotechnology Food creation (Dairy items (ogurt, cheddar) sauerkraut, pickles, wiener, bread, lager, wine and so on. Bioremediation (detoxification by utilization of microorganisms Genetic Engineering (control of qualities so as to make new items) * Who began Microbiology? Antoine van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch shipper The primary individual to consider microorganisms to be being ALIVE! Father of bacteriology * What Leeuwenhoek could see? Various states of microbes Red platelets, spermatozoa, plant and creature c ells Magnification of his magnifying instrument was 32X Robert Hooke’s Microscope Compared to Leeuwenhoek’s Robert Hook presented the compound magnifying lens (target focal point + visual focal point) Robert Hook (1665) announced that the littlest natural basic joins were â€Å"little boxes†-cells CELL THEORY-every single living thing are made out of cells Golden Age of Microbiology (1830-1900) Scientists scanned for answers to the accompanying inquiries: Is unconstrained age of microbial life conceivable? What causes aging? What causes malady? How might we forestall contamination and ailment? Is unconstrained age of microbial life conceivable? Aristotle proposed unconstrained age living things can emerge from non-living issue Toads and snakes could be conceived of soggy soles Slimy parasites could emerge from bodies Francesco Redi’s Experiment, 1670s Flies with meat 1765 Lazzaro Sallanzani directed experients to discredit the regulation of unconstrained age biolied imbuement, hermetically fixed the holder. We will compose a custom article test on Microbiology Notes or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Nly a little split in the neck was adequate to permit entrance and advancement of â€Å"animalcules† in the mixture. Nicholas Appert licensed his development and set up a business to protect an assortment of food in fixed containers canning Finally! Contentions about unconstrained age settled by Louis Pasteur Read about Louis Pasteur’s test How he truly did it? Pasteur’s S-molded flagon kept organisms, however let in (Swan Neck Flask) Joseph Meister First individual to be treated by Louis Pasteur against rabies Pasteur’s Discoveries Performed the most persuading test invalidating the hypothesis of unconstrained age Role of yeast in liquor aging Devised the procedure of purification and premise of aseptic strategies Disease of vine-cold be forestalled by warming the wine for a brief timeframe to a temp of 55-60 degrees Celsius The principal preventive treatment for rabies What causes infection? Pasteur created germ hypothesis of ailment, however had no proof†¦began chipping away at Anthrax, yet couldn't get a fix Robert Koch Studied causative operators of illness Gave the primary confirmation that microbes causes sickness (by secluding the Bacillus anthracis bacillus in unadulterated culture)- germ hypothesis of ailment Perfected the procedure of disengaging microorganisms in unadulterated culture-strong media-bubbled potato Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the creature causing the tuberculosis. Tuberculin-substance utilized for analysis of tuberculosis Excreted into fluid culture and if there is an unfavorably susceptible response than the individual has tuberculosis Introduced the recoloring strategy for M. tuberculosis (corrosive quick recoloring) First to recolor bacterial smears Found the causative specialist of cholera 1905 got the Nobel Prize for Medicine Koch’s hypothesizes Identify rules for demonstrating that a particular kind of a microorganism causes a particular infection: 1. The microorganism ought to be continually present in an ailing creature 2. The microorganism must be developed in unadulterated culture 3. When immunized into a sound creature, such microorganism should cause trademark sickness indications 4. The microorganism ought to be re-detached from the test creature, and it ought to have indistinguishable qualities from the first microorganisms Ignaz Semmelweis e executed that if specialists wash their hands they would decrease spreading germs Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Father of present day medical procedure Became mindful of Louis Pasteur’s work (spoiling and aging) Applied sterile (carbolic corrosive) treatment for avoidance and care of would contamination Introduced the technique of cleansing of working rooms Edward Jenne r Performed the principal inoculation against little pox Chemotherapy (treatment of illness by utilizing compound substances) the main anti-microbial was found coincidentally was penicillin Alexander Fleming-1928 found penicillin Produced by shape: Penicillin Crysogenum Business creation began in 1945 in the US Problems with Antibiotics Can be harmful to people Spread of new assortments of safe microorganisms Development of methods that encouraged further advancement of microbiology Pure societies (clone) is a culture comprising of just one kind of microorganisms Use of Petri dishes Aseptic procedures Bacteria as unmistakable species Development of microbiology in the twentieth century Bacteriology investigation of microscopic organisms. Mycology investigation of growths. Contagious contaminations rising Parasitology investigation of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology investigation of insusceptibility. Virology investigation of infections. Can't be seen by a magnifying lens, you need an electro magnifying lens (Dimitri Iwanowski, investigated the nearness of irresistible operators a lot littler than microscopic organisms. He found the tobacco mosaic infection) Recombinant DNA innovation parts of outside DNA can be fused into bacterial genome The Establishment of the Scientific Method Scientific technique dependent on an exploratory framework It incorporates: 1. Perception and depiction a wonder 2. Detail a theory to clarify the wonders 3. Execution of test tests (to affirm speculation) If bolstered speculation becomes hypothesis Joseph Lister He was conceived in 1827 in Upton, England Attended London and Edinburgh Universites Joseph Lister was instructed in Edinburgh. Edinburgh is situated in Scotland is an autonomous state Scotland is a piece of Great Britain Scotland is a region in France Scotland is a piece of Canada Why Chemistry? Microscopic organisms subcellular structures complex atoms basic particles iotas Atoms Building squares of particles Subatomic particles Shell Electrons pivot about the core in their orbitals Nucleus Protons Neutrons Atoms don't convey charge Electron Orbitals and Shells Electrons turn around the core in orbitals (pathways) Low level vitality electrons Nearest to the core first shell-1 circles (2e) second shell-4 orbitals (up to 8 e) third shell-9 orbitals (up to 18e) Elements Each component contains trademark number of protons and electrons-position in the table There are 118 known components Elements in gatherings of comparable properties Biologically significant molecules 11 components are of organic significance The Fathers of the Periodic Talbe Dmitri Mendeleev Lothar Meyer Isotopes Have an alternate number of neutrons; same physical properties Some isotopes have flimsy cores produce vitality radioactivity Significance in Biology Following particles and atoms in metabolic responses Diagnostic purposes Sterilization (gamma light) Video Notes: Charges of protons and electrons are equivalent in extent Isotopes are indistinguishable from one another however in some cases change in properties Carbon 12 and 13 are steady Carbon 11, 14, 15 are not Radiactivity Henri Becquerel-strange beams * Molecules at least two iotas consolidated structure an atom another compound has new qualities Compounds are framed when iotas are, give or lose electrons Number of electron in external shell-valence Determines the preparation of a component to respond with other component How the particles tie together? Through the synthetic bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds Covalent Bonds between iotas that share Electrons are not shared similarly change of extremity Hydrogen particle H2 Water atom is polar Ionic Bonds Electrons are moved starting with one iotas then onto the next When valences supplement each other Ex-NaCl (table salt) 7 isn't steady Ionization Dissociation of atoms (molecules) into charge particles: Cations (+) Anions (- ) When added to water, precious stones of NaCl get ionized-Na+ Cl-Electrolytes-direct power: acids, bases, salts When two anodes are assembled Every particle becomes hydrated-encircled by water atoms Hydrophilic atoms draws in water Hydrophobic particles repulse water (benzene-a non-polar atom) Hydrogen Bonds Attractive powers between close by atoms Ex. Water particles; proteins and DNA Represented with spotted line Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-losing electron Reduction-getting electrons Chemical recipes Atomic images and number of iotas in an atom: H2O Do not give data on position of bonds between molecules C6H12O6 glucose and fructose Reactions Synthesis response Equation must be adjusted Decomposition responses Bigger atom is separated in two littler units 2H2+Ox 2H2O Solutions Mixture of substances solute-(strong, vaporous, fluid) in the dissolvable (fluid) Water is the most widely recognized dissolvable * Acidity, Alkalinity, pH * Solutions can be acidic or essential H2H+ + OH-ionization of water H+H+ + OH-access of H+ acidic pH pH=_log [H+] pH1 =0. 1 mole H=/liter ph 2+0. 01 mole H+/liter Inorganic and Organic Compounds can be: Inorganic ( don't have C and H consolidated) NaCl, CaCO3†¦ Organic (CH4)- complex mixes with C boned to different molecules The Chemistry of Carbon is the key component of life-Why? Sub-atomic skeleton Ha

Fast profits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quick benefits - Essay Example Since the arrival of the Jungle, the general population reacted to the clamor of the novel’s depiction of the meat industry’s unfortunate act of offering spoiled and sick meat to clueless and unconscious clients. The foul meat is veiled by glossy, appealing surfaces of the can, consequently empowering the client to be beguiled that the meat he is purchasing is protected and nutritious. Along these lines, President Theodore Roosevelt was compelled to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, regardless of being kept away in 1902 and again in 1905. The Beef Inspection Act was likewise passed so as to have a standard assessment plot, away from pay off and defilement in the meat pressing industry. With these careful steps, there is no uncertainty that the American individuals see meat as a basic piece of human utilization. Also, without appropriate sterile and bundling guidelines, American wellbeing is imperiled. The book has not just roused the American open in turning out to be basic and very much aware of what they eat, it has additionally set off the term â€Å"consumerism† up to the time being. The industrialism demeanor involves being condemning of item marking, for meat as well as just as for different items. Moreover, it has likewise set standard necessity for all food makers to put â€Å"nutrition facts,† wherein the name incorporates the supplements that an individual would get from expending the item, and open security safety measures, especially for those items that may cause potential perils specifically situations. Then again, there has been a quickly rising development of vegetarianism for the only remaining century. During the time since the commencement of the book, there have been a developing number of individuals who have experienced coronary episode, heart by-pass, stroke, hypertension, and other weakening ailments identified with overabundance meat utilization. The developing number of large Americans has likewise been

Dah noo-loo

Dah noo-loo Several weeks ago MIT had their famous fall Career Fair where hundreds of companies come and court hundreds of students. Its a time when students update resumes, dry clean suits, get hair cuts, and start practicing their talk to people not from MIT routines. Its funny, MIT is in a bubble in that, as an MIT student, you start to forget what the outside world is like. I remember during out field trip to Hasbro last year, we actually were given a 15 minute talk in the bus about how to behave while not at MIT. As students, we tend to forget that looking people in the eyes, not checking iPods and iPhones every 10 seconds, and acknowledging what people say is important. All of these skills are crucial when wooing the big corporations that you hope to work for in the summer. Last year I went to the career fair for all of the free swag, and free swag was what I got. This year it was all about the job. In my suit and with my fancy folder of resumes I spoke with a number of companies and handed out several resumes, topping the evening off with a nice networking dinner at the Hyatt hotel where I got some one-on-one time with some of the companies I was interested in. A job interview the next day and my career fair experience was concluded. I could go into greater depth about the career fair experience and spin a yarn about the multitude of well-dressed and groggy college students, but instead Id like to focus on one particular career fair attendee. Emily Conn 11 wanted a job in the Media Lab and in order to get the attention of the representative. While maybe not as controversial as other attention getters, seeing Emily pretty much made my day. This is what she was wearing: Thats right, a giant home-made (albeit, not by her), Furby costume. And it talked! Just sayin, hope she got the job. Any awesome costumes yall have made before? Im looking for ideas for Halloween this year.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Kennedy s Speech - 997 Words

He was an expert on plain speaking and was able put to use emotional language effectively to engage his audience and make them feel included in his goals as the President. One of the most convincing aspects of his speech, is the fact that President Kennedy uses the word, â€Å"I† only four times in the 1,365 word address. With his famous line of â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.† (Kennedy, Paragraph 25), Kennedy is able to unify the people of America with the goal to promote and work to benefit the country. He stirred up pride and honor with his quote, â€Å"We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.† (Kennedy, Paragraph 3). His devotion for his people made the nation support him, no matter what party. John states, it was â€Å"not the victory of a party, but a celebration of freedom† (Kennedy, Paragraph 1). The President’s address, intentionally written simply, was also writing with purpose. It had been intended to demonstrate his dedication to help and defend his allies from anyShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Speech1405 Words   |  6 PagesMadinger Composition 1 26 October 2015 We Choose to go to the Moon Rhetorical Analysis There are many things that a speech must contain to make it a well written and spoken speech. John F. Kennedy s speech he gave on September 12th 1962, titled â€Å"Address at Rice University on the Nation s Space Efforts†, better known as â€Å"We Choose to go to the Moon† contains many of the important factors of a successful speech. Kennedy used rhetorical strategies and skills to help him influence the American peopleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of President Kennedy s Inaugural Speech2018 Words   |  9 PagesWhat rhetorical features does President Kennedy use to achieve his desired purpose? Introduction Politicians often use language to both persuade and imperceptibly control the opinions/decisions of their audience: whether it is to gain their support, to present their point, or implant their principles. It is of utmost importance to them to do this subtly, in order to not come across as too aggressive, intimidating or manipulative. As a result, the politician has to use language that is relatableRead MoreHaving Dreams Of Being On The Moon By John F. Kennedy1294 Words   |  6 Pagesmoon, President John F. Kennedy approaches the podium on September 12th, 1962 at Rice University in Houston Texas to inspire others to have unimaginable dreams of their own. Kennedy produces a dramatically moving speech to create brilliance across America and for all of America, through his own dreams in the context of â€Å"The decision to go to the moon.† Around this time was the height of the cold war and just the start of the space race, with that said, he starts his speech of with I am del ightedRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pathway to Success â€Å"The Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very importantRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesBUT FREEDOM: Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Tanner A. Woody Anderson University On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered a speech with a backdrop of snow and a twenty-degree wind blowing in his face in Washington D.C. In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. At the climax of his speech, JFK delivers a call to action which is also the most well-known line from his speech: â€Å"†¦ask not whatRead MoreSignificant Improvement : Things That I Have Learned From English 10101105 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted to now? Or have I remained the same or worse have I become a worse writer and reader? These are questions that need to be answered by a self-reflection and evaluation. One must always set goals and analyze their growth or the lack thereof. The analysis of progress helps show how far one has come, and it also helps the rate of improvement accelerate. Throughout this semester, I have improved my writing, reading, and critical thinking skills. I have accomplished this by effectively taking advantageRead MoreAnalysis of John F Kennedys Presidency870 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, has become one of the most famous presidents in the nations history due to his oratory skills and eloquence (Biane,2011). In this paper, we present an analysis the inaugural speech that he delivered in January 1961. Even though his Inaugural speech lasted less than fifteen minutes, the message that he saliently delivered was one that has continued to resonate in the very hearts of American citizens. The analysis An analysis of John FRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1654 Words   |  7 PagesAn Effort Closer to A Better Country â€Å"The Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successfulRead MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagestook place in the late 1950’s though the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â₠¬Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin LutherRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King ´s Speech: I Have a Dream1309 Words   |  6 Pagestook place in the late 1950’s through the 1960’s, however; Tricia Andryszewski informs her readers that Black Americans had been working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther

Nco Respect Essay - 1566 Words

There are many reasons why lower enlisted soldiers should respect non-commissioned officers in the military. It is important to respect an non-commissioned officer in order to keep the balance in the work place. Even if respect is not deserved or given back to you, the military still expects you to give them respect because they are appointed above you. Not showing them respect will result in getting yourself in trouble that will make yourself look bad to your other superiors. Punishments will be given out to whoever disrespects or does not listen to a non-commissioned officer. These consequences must be obeyed. Further punishments will be given out to you if these are not followed to every specific detail. Some people say that you†¦show more content†¦Because of this inherent hierarchal quality, respect must be established between the ranks to ensure that tactical operations continue to fit within a strategic plan. Additionally, in order to successfully mobilize a m ilitary, some sort of structure must be enforced to ensure critical elements such as communication, discipline, and accountability are properly maintained. If hierarchal respect, particularly in the sense of customs and courtesies is not maintained, the effectiveness and efficiency of a military is inhibited. In combat situations, if this respect is not well established, it can put the lives of soldiers in danger. Furthermore, in most cases NCOs have more combat experience or, at least, more experience in their MOS. In this sense they are better equipped to lead lower enlisted soldiers into combat situations, to protect their soldiers, and to ensure the completion of the mission. This is why they have earned the position of a non-commissioned officer in the first place and should therefore be respected. I can understand the logic behind this point of view. In that aspect I believe that if someone is an NCO they should work and live by the NCO creed. The NCO is a soldier that is a well-rounded professional that has the experience and qualifications to lead other soldiers. They must learn the NCO Creed. The NCO creedShow MoreRelatedRespect for Ncos886 Words   |  4 PagesRespect and what it means By: -PFC- C, Mullins Respect it is something everyone wants, not many have, and few will give. Some people would appreciate having a little bit of respect from others, and some should make efforts to show some more respect. Unfortunately, this does not happen all the time. Maybe this is because respect is not clearly understood. What is respect? The dictionary defines it as an act of giving particular attention or high or special regard. Another definition shows respectRead MoreRespect for NCOs in the Army1063 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization, religion, civilization, culture or military, respect is almost as old, if not as old, as the human race itself. Respect started with prehistoric bands of people, looking for experience and leadership, and remains today as we know it within societies and militaries around the world. Indeed, nothing with an organizational hierarchy, including civilization itself, could exist as we know it today without the ongoing application of respect, in its many forms. This fact is most obvious, andRead MoreRespect in the Military5071 Words   |  21 PagesRespect Respect, especially in the Army is a very important value to live by. It is much more than just talking kindly and listening to someone. It is the process of taking into consideration someone’s emotions, feelings and needs. You must also focus on their ideas, thoughts, and preferences. It is showing someone that you value their time; that you care what they have to say. Showing someone respect allows that person to know and acknowledge that you are tracking them and that you comprehendRead MoreCorrective Action for Disrespecting Higher Ranking Military Personal1268 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is on tact, professionalism, respect and disrespect, as part of my corrective action for disrespecting higher ranking military personal. I will start this essay off with defining each of the subjects so that the reader may have a full understanding on what each mean. Tact is the first subject on which I am suppose to include in this essay, tact is defined as a keen sense of what to say or do to avoid giving offense; skill in dealing with difficult or delicate situations. The secondRead MoreThe Army Values Essay3283 Words   |  14 Pagessacrifice becomes nothing more than masochism at worst, a pity party at best. As soldiers, we are obligated to act on the loyalty we have for our U.S. constitution, the Army, our fellow soldiers, the nation and its heritage. This is our duty. Respect â€Å"Rely upon the golden rule.How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization. Treat people as they should be treated.† According to The Free Dictionary: re ·spect tr.v. re ·spect ·ed, re ·spect ·ingRead MoreThe Importance of Not Lying Essay2119 Words   |  9 Pagessacrifice becomes nothing more than masochism at worst, a pity party at best. As soldiers, we are obligated to act on the loyalty we have for our U.S. constitution, the Army, our fellow soldiers, the nation and its heritage. This is our duty. Respect â€Å"Rely upon the golden rule.How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization. Treat people as they should be treated.† According to The Free Dictionary: re ·spect tr.v. re ·spect ·ed, re ·spect ·ingRead MoreEssay about Disrepect1600 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be expected. More reference links: www.armynco.com 317 words Responsibility is being accountable for what you do or fail to do. NCOs are responsible to fulfill not only their individual duties, but also to ensuretheir teams and units are successful. Any duty, because of the position you hold in the unit, includes a responsibility to execute that duty. As an NCO, you are accountable for your personal conduct and that of your soldiers. Also, each soldier is individually responsible for his ownRead MoreNco of Marines810 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does ot mean to me what a marine NCO is First off i would like to state a well known quote known by all Marines, Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) are the backbone of the United States Marine Corps. Without the NCOs the Marine Corps could not function. This quote alone holds a great deal of history as well as gives a brief discription of what a Marine NCO truely is. NCOs execute all orders and lead their fellow Marines. An NCO will go out of his or her way in order to aid, or takeRead MoreEvaluation Of A Officer And Ranger Creed1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of our NCO Corps, I take this opportunity to communicate with you. This memorandum will be given to each newly assigned NCO upon arrival in the command, as well as those individuals who are newly promoted into our Corps. 2. I think it is only fair to you as an NCO that I as your Platoon Sergeant, state the standards the Platoon Leader and I expect of you. Before I state these standards, I want you to fully understand how I see MOS and length of service. I do not expect a junior NCO to be asRead MoreMilitary Respect and Disrespect1438 Words   |  6 Pagesmilitary respect, and disrespect are and the history behind these acts are. I will first give the definitions of military discipline; which is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. ay look at you, Discipline helps to complete certain jobs/instructions efficiently and correctly. in the military it is used to train people so that they are good at their job/career as they have improved due to discipline. Disrespect to a Non-Commissioned Officer; which is where if told by an NCO to do

Kants Deontology Free Essays

Introduction The word Deon is a Greek word and it means duty. According to the deontological theory actions are wrong or right in themselves, quite distant from their effect. In this theory certain actions are allowed or prevented by the argument that each of the action is either right or wrong in accordance with the ethical obligations. We will write a custom essay sample on Kants Deontology or any similar topic only for you Order Now So those who believe in using a deontological theory would bring in consideration the basic rights and duties of groups or individuals and act according to their moral duties. Immanuel Kant the great philosopher, who had lived in the 18th century, proposed the work which is used for the reference of deontology. According to him each individual has got self-respect and dignity in inheritance. He believes that no one has right to treat others in a negative way for his own means. Kantian Deontology Kant argues that only good will is completely good rather than the happiness, pleasure or something else. Those who perform bad deeds are never happy and pleased The thing which is in accordance with and acts for the sake of duty is good will. Kant seems to suggest that only those actions have moral worth which is performed for the sake of duty. He determines the moral value of one’s deeds by the reluctance towards his sake of duty means greater one is disinclined towards the sake of duty, more the moral worth of action. Thus moral duty is independent of and comes before the concept of goodness The good will does not need any qualification for being good, thus it is good on its own. . Kant does not believe in the idea of being willed well because of the result being produced by it For Kant a person is accountable for only those things that are under his control. Even though what we will for our deeds is within the power of us but the results of our acts are not. In the same way even if less positive consequences are produced by the actions of a person of good will, he deserves praise. Kant suggests that good will is only acted solely by the right intention. The intention of good will is for the sake of duty. The different intentions for actions are either acting out of self-interest or for the sake of duty or acting through inclination. For understanding the difference among the different intentions for the actions being performed, relate this to the corporate world example of a salesman at any organization whose customers are very satisfied and he has goodwill. (Karl, 1982) This is because he has never been dishonest to his customers and clients, since he has never overcharged to those customers and clients who are inexperienced. Now there can be three reasons for him to be honest. Firstly he treats honestly just because of an intense competition in his organization. He thinks that if he would be truly honest with his customers, they would not go to his competitors and would therefore prefer to do business with him as a result he would be awarded by the organization. So in this he is honest just because of self-interest and not for the duty and for Kant this act is not the moral act because it is performed for the sake of self-interest rather than the duty. Another reason for him to be honest is due to an inclination. This means that he derives pleasure from his honesty which has come naturally to him and according to Kant such kind of actions which are performed due to inclination, are also immoral. This is because the inclination is entirely unreliable and irrational, and is followed because of its caprice not because of its reason. These same feelings from which we are inspired and perform kind acts may also inspire us to perform the unkind and cruel acts. That is why inclination is unreliable. (Karl, 1982) Thus according to Kant, the person who acts honestly because he thinks that it is his duty regardless of his inclinations to perform those functions, that is a person of goodwill  So those who are generous but nature but help the poor just because of their internal feeling of being pity are not behaving morally, rather than those being stingy and help for the sake of duty. The later ones are acting morally For Kant the need of acting out of respect for universal law is duty. The person who acts establishes the moral and ethical value. The basic moral principle according to Kant is the Categorical Imperative an imperative is just an obligation or command. The concept of a categorical imperative is different from that of hypothetical imperative and can be better and can be understood in its contrast. A hypothetical imperative involves those actions which are performed in order to accomplish various goals But it does not involves those actions whom one does not care for achieving the goals. . The main distinction of categorical imperative is that it only emphasizes how to act irrespective of the result or goal one may achieve  Ã‚   Kant believes that a categorical imperative is where, when there is a fundamental principle of morality. This is because the ethical and moral causes dominate the other reasons and causes.   For example an organization has a self interested reason to cheat its customers by making lower quality products but if morality is grounded in a categorical imperative, then it’s moral. But if morality is grounded in a categorical imperative than the moral cause against cheating the customers dominates the self interested cause. . The formulations of Kant’s Categorical Imperative are that we should always treat ourselves and others at ends not for your means of our ends. Maxim is a principle on which we act willingly. Kant holds that perform only those maxims which always will to be a universal law. (Howard, 1995) These formulations are used by Kant for different expressive ways for same basic principle of respect and value for others They are not synonymous but can be used for expressing the same in that each formulation helps one to perform in the same manner. The first formulation holds that persons should be treated as beings that have intrinsic value means they have got value which is independent of their worth for any purpose. It rejects the idea of using a person for one’s own purpose. But it tells us that one should never use a person merely as a means to your own ends. This means that if someone is willing to do our work than that is acceptable but if he is forced that is unethical so we should not deceive others in doing our will. Categorical Imperative forbids compulsion and deception. In compulsion or deceiving others, we violate their will and disrupt their autonomy. The second formulation permits to perform only those actions whose maxim can become a universal law of nature. One acting on maxim requires the test of universalization so that everyone can act on it. It is not necessary that a certain maxim should always be a universal law but it must have to be applied on a universal basis, only that is morally permissible. This can be related to the corporate work world in the way that if an employee working in an organization deceives everyone by cheating his employer and by not performing his functions well thinking that what he is doing, is right. If his motives are good then he passes the first test of deontology, but if he applies all his above discussed actions on a universal basis that everyone would start cheating then would this cheating work? Of course not, for the reason that cheating depends on deception. People would not be deceived if they are expected to be cheated. So for Kant and his Categorical Imperative cheating is morally wrong. So it is must to decide that maxim can be applied on a universal scale. If it can then the action is deemed to be good, if it cannot then the action is deemed to be morally bad. Corporations have highly formalized decision-making structures since they are social groups and they have to keep in concern the benefits of the people present in their internal as well as external environment and have a strong influence on the faiths and decisions and beliefs of the persons who are members of the large-scale corporation. So according to Kant corporate intentions cannot be reduced to the individual members’ aggregate decisions. In fact, all the decisions must be applied on universal basis which are morally acceptable. Thus the individuals have the power to change the course of the corporate character by retaining their ability, provided that sufficient number agrees on that change which is required. (Howard, 1995) References Ameriks, Karl. (1982) Kant’s Theory of Mind: An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Caygill, Howard. (1995) A Kant Dictionary. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell Reference. ISBN 0-631-17534-2, ISBN 0-631-17535-0 How to cite Kants Deontology, Essay examples

Watership Down Essays (588 words) - Watership Down, Sandleford

Watership Down Many people possess leadership qualities although they don't rule a country. Meriwether Lewis, the official leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition has been called ?undoubtedly the greatest pathfinder this country has ever known.? Just like Hazel, Meriwether Lewis led a group of followers into unknown territory. The two guides faced many difficult situations that they were able to overcome since they had the qualities of a notable leader. Both of the journeys were rough, but because of the brave leaders both expeditions were successful. One important skill that a leader should have is risk, which Hazel and Lewis both experienced. Hazel and Lewis each took their followers into lands that were unfamiliar to them. Neither of them knew what they were going to encounter, but had they not taken a chance, they never would have found what they were looking for. Hazel had to jeopardize his life for the future of his rabbits when he tried to free the rabbits of Nuthanger Farm, when he lured the dog away from the farm so that it would attack General Woundwort, and many other times. Lewis gambled his life and the lives of his crew for the United States when he explored western North America. The explorers experienced not only bad weather but also attacks from Indians. Although taking these risks was very dangerous, had they not be taken western North America may have never been discovered, and all of the rabbits on Watership Down would have died at Sandleford. Hazel led the rabbits of Watership Down to become allies with other animals, much like Lewis became friends with Touissant Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea. The first animal that Hazel became friends with was a small mouse. Even though the mouse wasn't big enough to fight any battles with the rabbits, he became beneficial when he warned Hazel of Woundwort. Kehaar, a bird, was the other animal that the rabbits became allies with. He helped to lead Hazel to the warren of Efrafa. Without Kehaar, the rabbits would have never found Efrafa and the does that helped their small warren grow. Touissant Charbonneau and Sacagawea both assisted Lewis by being guides just like Kehaar. By making allies, Hazel and Lewis were able to make their missions easier and more enjoyable. Lewis and Hazel's journeys were not effortless, but because of their determination they were able to keep the morale high within their groups. Although there was extremely bad weather throughout Lewis' journey, he was able to keep up the hopes of his followers by telling them how wonderful life would be once they reached the Pacific Ocean. Hazel also had to tell his rabbits how wonderful the warren would be once they arrived there and were settled in. There were many times when the rabbits doubted Fiver's dreams and their decision to leave Sandleford, but Hazel always encouraged them to keep going. Both Hazel and Lewis did their best to stay optimistic, and in the end, their trips were triumphant. Lewis and Hazel both possessed magnificent leadership qualities, and because of these qualities they were able to complete great tasks. Hazel was able to lead a group of rabbits into a mysterious region, overcome many difficult obstacles, and develop a thriving warren. Lewis became one of the greatest explorers when he led men past rivers, over mountains, though rain and snow, and reached the Pacific. Hazel and Lewis took risks, made friends, used their determination, and other leadership skills to complete what seemed like impossible journeys. English Essays